Topic: Reform
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13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment to the Constitution, passed by Congress in January 1865 and ratified by the states in December of the same year, proclaimed an end to slavery in the...
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14th Amendment
This amendment to the Constitution, passed in 1866 and ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to those born in the United States, guaranteeing the rights of citizenship and equal protection under...
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15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment to the Constitution was passed by Congress in 1869 and ratified by the states in 1870. It guaranteed that the right to vote would be granted to...
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19th Amendment
This document is the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which guarantees women the right to vote. The amendment was first introduced to Congress in 1878 and it took over...
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Adoption of the Polish Constitution
This painting depicts the adoption of the Polish constitution of 1791, just four years after the U.S. produced the world’s first written constitution. The Polish document, which introduced constitutional monarchy...
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Benjamin Rush
This portrait of Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia was done by the American painter, Charles Willson Peale. The painting depicts Rush, who was an author, physician, statesman, and social reformer, in...
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Black South Africans Vote
South African’s black majority voted for the first time in these 1994 elections. The result was the end of white minority rule. The African National Congress became the ruling party...
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Crowd During Velvet Revolution
This photograph shows demonstrators during the Velvet Revolution, Czechoslovakia’s non-violent pro-democracy movement. As the Soviet Union collapsed, Communist governments fell throughout Eastern Europe. In late 1989, peaceful protest brought down...
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Crowd Supporting Lech Walesa
In Poland, this labor union, Solidarity, led the fight for democracy in the 1980s. Non-violent and anti-communist, Solidarity survived government repression to become a major political force. The movement’s leader,...
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